Challenging a transaction is a procedure designed for invalidating a transaction. It is a subject of Chapter III of the Federal Law dated 26.10.2002 No 127-FZ “On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)”. In case the court invalidates a transaction, all the consequences of such an agreement or a contract terminate.

Based on the summary of court rulings, transactions can be challenged, including the following cases:

Artificial transaction.
This applies to a situation when a transaction was concluded in the presence of information in the Unified State Register of Legal Entities that the organization is in the process of being wound up and in the data bank of enforcement proceedings - the presence of information about enforcement proceedings. Those are proof of awareness of a party to a transaction about the insolvency of a debtor.

Transfer of a licensed activity to another person.
Such actions can be challenged as a transaction or chains of transactions in the bankruptcy case of a debtor.

Usage of previously alienated property.
Including usage on the basis of a lease agreement. It indicates a suspiciousness of alienation.

Declaration of an actual affiliation.
The absence of formal affiliation can be challenged and affiliation declared as actual. This also applies to former spouses.

Intra-group guarantee.
That indicates an intention to increase controlled accounts payable in case of bankruptcy.

Users of Globas are able to get a full amount of information including historical on all arbitration courts decisions with the tool “ARBITRATION/Arbitration proceedings”

Self-regulating organizations
- non-profit associations of commercial companies engaged in a particular industry or professional activity.

In the construction industry
there are three types of associations in the following spheres: construction, engineering surveys and architectural-and-construction design.
Lists of works are defined for each group. The performance of these works requires membership in SRO. These lists include types of activities that affect the safety of capital construction projects and are approved by the Order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation (functions transferred to the Ministry of Construction, Housing and Utilities of the Russian Federation in 2014) No. 624 dated December 30, 2010 in accordance with paragraph 4 of Article 55.8 of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation.

Membership in SRO is not required
in such cases where the amount of obligations under each of the construction contracts does not exceed 3 million RUB. This is established by Part 2.1 of Article 52 of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation.

SRO permit
Currently, function of such document can be performed by an extract from the register of SRO members, which confirms the fact of membership in a self-regulating organization and gives the right to conduct works included in the established list. The extract displays company name, types of conducted work, established restrictions on contractual obligations and the right to conclude contracts on a competitive basis.
Current legislation in the self-regulation field obliges both large companies and individual entrepreneurs of the construction industry to join SRO.

Rights of SRO members
Joining SRO gives entities the right to:
- carry out construction, design and survey work;
- protect professional interests;
- participate in tenders and other events, including public;
- timely receipt of information about news and changes related to the construction industry.

Membership in only one SRO
Companies has the right to become a member of one or more self-regulating organizations, but in different areas of work and only in their region (federal subject of the Russian Federation) of activity. This rule does not apply to design and survey organizations. They have right to become a member of any SRO in Russia, without territorial restrictions.
Joining several SROs in the same field of activity is prohibited, for example, joining several SROs in the construction field.

Responsibility for work without SRO membership
In cases when an activity of a construction organization is related to the performance of work that requires SRO membership, responsibility for work without a corresponding permit is provided.
In cases when work performance affects the safety of a facility, administrative fines in amount of 50 thousand RUB are applied.
Criminal liability applies to managers who have conducted works that lead to emergencies and caused harm to people's lives or health.
In cases when facts of construction work without SRO membership are repeatedly revealed, the court may decide to liquidate such legal entity.

Compensation Fund
consists of contributions from SRO members. The more contributions, the larger the compensation fund. Within the framework of a formed fund, SRO is responsible for losses that members of SRO could not compensate. Contributions to compensation funds are regulated by the law, this way the amount is the same for all self-regulating organizations. In addition to contributions, SROs independently determine size of entrance, membership and insurance fees. Funds received are used to ensure operation of SRO apparatus and insurance of its obligations.

Organizational conditions for joining SRO
Legal entity that meets all the requirements set out in the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation can join SRO. The main ones are:
- at least two specialists present in the company's staff, who are included in the National Register of Specialists (NRS);
- formation of a package of introductory papers corresponding to all the necessary rules.
The National Register of Specialists is a public database containing data on specialists with relevant professional education and work experience that give the right to conduct activities in the field of construction, design and survey.

Joining SRO
Minimum package of papers for joining SRO:
- Application for membership in SRO;
- A questionnaire certified by the seal and signature of CEO;
- Decision on the establishment of a company or a protocol of a general meeting of shareholders;
- A copy of article of association.

Validity of membership in SRO
Membership in SRO is indefinite. Once a year, SRO carries out an inspection of each of its members for compliance with SRO regulations and requirements of the law, according to results of which SRO extends a membership of an organization.
Termination of membership occurs in the following cases:
- voluntary withdrawal of a company from membership in SRO;
- exclusion of a company from the list of members due to violation of legal requirements and regulations of SRO.

TOP 10 SROs in the construction industry by assets
Table 1. Net asset value, total assets, Globas Solvency Index of SRO in construction industry (TOP 10)

Name, INN, region	Net asset value, million RUB.			Total assets, million RUB.			Globas Solvency Index
	2018	2029	2020	2018	2029	2020
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION INN 7811290215 Moscow	5 439	5 416	4 989	7 850	7 796	5 076	387 Weak
NONPROFIT PARTNERSHIP ASSOCIATION OF CONSTRUCTION GENERAL CONTRACTORS INN 7704275614 Moscow	1 889	2 406	2 710	1 976	2 503	2 800	354 Satisfactory
ASSOCIATION OF DESIGNERS STROYOBEDINENIE INN 7811154692 Leningrad region	2 541	2 305	2 349	2 541	3 296	2 721	290 Medium
ASSOCIATION SELF-REGULATING ORGANIZATION COMMONWEALTH OF BUILDERS OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN INN 1655068065 Tatarstan Republic	2 266	2 516	2 710	2 273	2 523	2 714	303 Adequate
SELF-REGULATING ORGANIZATION ASSOCIATION OF BUILDERS OF ST. PETERSBURG INN 7838029642 Saint Petersburg	2 098	2 377	2 637	2 102	2 378	2 643	294 Medium
SELF-REGULATING ORGANIZATION ASSOCIATION OF CONSTRUCTION ORGANIZATIONS SUPPORTING ORGANIZATIONS OF THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY INN 7701054053 Moscow	1 564	1 929	2 184	1 593	1 966	2 208	291 Medium
SELF-REGULATING ORGANIZATION UNION OF BUILDERS OF UGRA INN 8601036373 Khanti-Mansi Autonomous Region - Yugra	1 559	1 853	2 081	1 565	1 860	2 087	290 Medium
SELF-REGULATING ORGANIZATION INTERREGIONAL UNION OF CONSTRUCTION ORGANIZATIONS ASSOCIATION OBORONSTROY INN 7721278125 Moscow	1 953	1 953	1 953	2 069	2 069	2 069	362 Adequate
ASSOCIATION FOR THE PROMOTION OF RESTORATION AND REVIVAL OF THE NATIONAL ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE - ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE INN 7724297990 Moscow	830	1 484	1 814	1 138	1 568	1 892	300 Adequate
UNION SELF-REGULATING ORGANIZATION OF BUILDERS OF THE TYUMEN REGION INN 7203208906 Tyumen region	1 323	1 564	1 790	1 354	1 595	1 808	320 Adequate
TOP 10 average value	2 146	2 380	2 522	2 446	2 755	2 602
TOP 100 average value	792	878	968	858	965	1 015

indicator improvement for the previous period, indicator deterioration for the previous period